Lancashire Fines: 1 Mary and 1-2 Philip and Mary

1 Mary and 1–2 Phillip and Mary

(Bundle 15, 1 Mary, and 1 and 2 Philip and Mary. 1554–5).

m. 147. At Lancaster, on Monday in the fifth week of Lent, 1 Mary. [12 March, 1554].
Between John Byron, kt., and John Byron, bastard son of the said John, plaintiffs, and Edward Aston, kt., and Joan his wife, and Richard Egerton, kt., and Mary his wife deforciants of the manor of Butterworth, with the appurtenances, and of 100 messuages, 40 cottages, 100 gardens, 100 orchards, a dovecote, 2 water-mills, 1000 a. of land, 140 a. of meadow, 2000 a. of pasture, 120 a. of wood, 1000 a. of moor, 1000 a. of marsh, 1000 a. of moss, 600 a. of turbary, 1000 a. of furze and heath, and £6 of rent in Ryton, Butterworth, Ogden and Myddylton.

The deforciants remitted all right to the plaintiffs and to the heirs of John, the son, for which the plaintiffs gave them £2000.

m. 144. [12 March, 1554].
Between William Chernock, gent., plaintiff, and Thomas Langton, kt., and Anne his wife deforciants of 3 barns, 2 stables, 2 gardens, 21 a. of land, 1½ a. of meadow, 1 a. of turbary in Walton in le Dale and Keverden [Cuerden].

Thomas and Anne remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave them 100 marks.

m. 141. [12 March, 1554].
Between Robert Walche, Ralph Hulme, John Ambrose, and William Swift, plaintiffs, and John Beconsow deforciant of 2 messuages, a toft, 2 cottages, 80 a. of land, 10 a. of meadow, 100 a. of pasture, 2 a. of wood, and 100 a. of moor in Aghton [Aughton].

John Beconsow remitted all right to the plaintiffs and to the heirs of Robert, for which the plaintiffs gave him £10.

m. 138. [12 March, 1554].
Between William Chorley, plaintiff, and Ralph Longworth, William Longworth, and John Pole deforciants of a messuage, 20 a. of land, and an a. of meadow in Fazakerley and Walton near Lyverpole.

The deforciants acknowledged the said tenements to be the right of William Chorley, for which William granted them to John Pole; to have and to hold to the said John from the Annunciation of the B. Mary which should be in A.D. 1567 unto the end of sixty years, rendering therefor yearly to the said William Chorley and his heirs 26s. 8d.

m. 137. [12 March, 1554].
Between John Rygmayden, of Myddleton, plaintiff, and Richard Corney deforciant of 2 messuages, 5 gardens, 5 orchards, 100 a. of land, 10 a. of meadow, 10 a. of pasture, and 100 a. of moss in Myddleton, in the parish of Lancaster.

Richard remitted all right to John and his heirs, for which John gave him 100 marks.

m. 132. [12 March, 1554].
Between John Braddyll, gent., plaintiff, and Richard Assheton, of Whalley, esq., deforciant of 9 messuages, 4 cottages, 2 shops, 12 gardens, 8 orchards, 80 a. of land, 60 a. of meadow, 60 a. of pasture, 40 a. of wood, 10 a. of moor, 10 a. of moss, and 10 a. of turbary in Whalley and Great Harwood.

Richard remitted all right to John and his heirs, for which John gave him £40.

m. 129. [12 March, 1554].
Between Henry Radley, plaintiff, and George Kenyon and Isabella his wife deforciants of a messuage, 6 a. of land, 2 a. of meadow, and 6 a. of pasture in Moston.

George and Isabella remitted all right to Henry and his heirs, for which Henry gave them £20.

m. 126. [12 March, 1554].
Between John Byron, kt., John Talbot, and John Rigmayden, esqs., plaintiffs, and Thomas Longton, kt., and Anne his wife deforciants of 5 messuages, 2 water-mills, 300 a. of land, 20 a. of meadow, 300 a. of pasture, 40 a. of wood, 10 a. of moor, and 20 a. of furze and heath in Newton in Makerfeld.

Thomas and Anne remitted all right to the plaintiffs, and to the heirs of John Byron, for which the plaintiffs gave the said Thomas £200.

m. 123. [12 March, 1554].
Between James Gelyam, plaintiff, and Thomas Bradford and Margaret his wife deforciants of a messuage, a garden, an orchard, and half an a. of land in Manchester.

Thomas and Margaret remitted all right to James and his heirs, for which James gave them 40 marks.

m. 120. [12 March, 1554].
Between John Browne and Thomas Browne, esqs., plaintiffs, and William Stanley, kt., and Anne his wife deforciants of the manors of Heisham, Nether Hotton, Shevyngton, and Assheton, with the appurtenances, and of 254 messuages, 1460 a. of land, 400 a. of meadow, 800 a. of pasture, 2000 a. of moor, furze and heath, and £5 of rent in Ellall, Heisham, Gressyngham, Eskrigge, Nether Hotton, Harryngton Parke [in Forton ?], Westhowse, Shevyngton, Assheton [near Lancaster], Wraye, Mellyng, and Bolton on the Mores.

William and Anne remitted all right to John and Thomas and to the heirs of John, for which John and Thomas gave them 2000 marks.

m. 119. Monday next after the Assumption, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary. [20 August, 1554].
Between Thomas Hesketh, kt., plaintiff, and Anthony Browne, esq., and Joan his wife deforciants of 12 messuages, 8 cottages, 20 gardens, 12 orchards, 100 a. of land, . . . . . . 100 a. of pasture, 20 a. of wood, 200 a. of moss, 400 a. of moor, furze and heath, and of a free fishery in Merton Meyre [Martin Mere], and 5s. of rent in Tarleton, Solom, and Holmez.

Anthony and Joan remitted all right to Thomas and his heirs, for which Thomas gave them £150.

m. 116. [20 August, 1554].
Between Charles Sotheron, plaintiff, and Peter Sotheron deforciant of a messuage, 2 cottages, a toft, a garden, an orchard, 12 a. of land, 4 a. of meadow, and 4 a. of pasture in Waryngton, Fernehead, Wouston [Woolston], Orforth, and Middleton [par. Winwick].

Peter remitted all right to Charles and his heirs, for which Charles gave him 100 marks.

m. 113. [20 August, 1554].
Between William Molyneux, esq., son and heir apparent of Richard Molyneux, kt., plaintiff, and Richard Grymeshaye, esq., and Elizabeth his wife deforciants of 12 messuages, 6 cottages, 4 tofts, a water-mill, 15 gardens, 10 orchards, 200 a. of land, 10 a. of meadow, 40 a. of pasture, and 100 a. of moor in Mellyng, Ayntre, and Lyverpole.

Richard and Elizabeth remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave them £140.

m. 110. [20 August, 1554].
Between Thomas Dycconson, plaintiff, and Thomas Hesketh, kt., deforciant of a messuage, a garden, an orchard, 10 a. of land, 3 a. of meadow, and 4 a. of pasture in Ewkeston.

Thomas Hesketh remitted all right to Thomas Dycconson and his heirs, for which Thomas gave him £20.

m. 107. [20 August, 1554].
Between William Nycolson, plaintiff, and Robert Worseley deforciant of a messuage, a garden, 12 a. of land, 2 a. of meadow, and half an a. of wood in Heyton Norres [Heaton Norris], otherwise Heyton Strangwayes.

Robert remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave him £40.

m. 104. [20 August, 1554].
Between Miles Seddon and Geoffrey Seddon, plaintiffs, and Henry Inse and Katherine his wife deforciants of 3 messuages and 3 gardens in Manchester; and of a moiety of 6 messuages, 6 gardens, an orchard, 4 a. of land, and 2 a. of meadow in Manchester and Salford.

Henry and Katherine remitted all right to Miles and Geoffrey and to the heirs of Miles, for which Miles and Geoffrey gave them £60.

m. 101. [20 August, 1554].
Between Robert Hyndley and Oliver Anderton, plaintiffs, and Peter Anderton, esq., deforciant of the manor of Anderton, with the appurtenances, and of 20 messuages, 4 cottages, 6 tofts, 2 water-mills, 20 gardens, 20 orchards, 600 a. of land, 100 a. of meadow, 200 a. of pasture, 100 a. of wood, 200 a. of moor, 100 a. of moss, 100 a. of turbary, and 3s. of rent in Anderton and Healey.

Peter acknowledged the said manor and tenements to be the right of Robert, for which Robert and Oliver granted them to Peter and his heirs for ever.

m. 98. [20 August, 1554].
Between William Sandes, plaintiff, and John Machell and Joan his wife [deforciants] of the manor of Conyshede, otherwise Conyngshede, with the appurtenances, and of 10 messuages, 6 cottages, 4 tofts, 10 gardens, 8 orchards, 2 dovecotes, a water-mill, 200 a. of land, 100 a. of meadow, 200 a. of pasture, 40 a. of wood and underwood, 100 a. of moor, 100 a. of moss, 100 a. of turbary, 100 a. of furze and heath, and 4s. of rent in Conyshede [Conishead], otherwise Conyngshede.

John and Joan remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave them £156. 13s. 4d.

m. 95. [20 August, 1554].
Between Richard Chysnall, plaintiff, and Thomas Chysnall deforciant of 8 messuages, 8 gardens, a water-mill, a dovecote, 120 a. of land, 20 a. of meadow, 80 a. of pasture, 10 a. of wood, 20 a. of turbary, 30 a. of moor and moss, 10 a. of furze and heath, and 1d. of rent in Copple, Worthyngton, Wrythyngton [Wrightington], and Wigan.

Thomas acknowledged the said tenements to be the right of Richard, for which Richard granted them to Thomas; to have and to hold to him and to his heirs for ever.

m. 93. [20 August, 1554].
Between Thomas Bykestath, plaintiff, and John Bycansaw deforciant of a messuage, a garden, an orchard, 2 a. of land, 2 a. of meadow, 6 a. of pasture, and 7 a. of turbary in Aghton [Aughton].

John remitted all right to Thomas and his heirs, for which Thomas gave him 20 marks.

m. 90. [20 August, 1554].
Between Richard Solam, plaintiff, and Thomas Heskethe, kt., deforciant of 8 a. of land, 2 a. of meadow, and 2 a. of pasture in Wryghtyngton and Coppull.

Thomas remitted all right to Richard and his heirs, for which Richard gave him £20.

m. 87. [20 August, 1554].
Between Ralph Lomals, plaintiff, and Nicholas Bradshawe deforciant of a messuage, 2 gardens, 100 a. of land, 40 a. of meadow, 100 a. of pasture, 20 a. of wood, 20 a. of moss, 100 a. of moor, and 100 a. of furze and heath in Netherderwent [Nether Darwen].

Nicholas remitted all right to Ralph and his heirs, for which Ralph gave him £40.

m. 84. [20 August, 1554].
Between Hamon Dychefeld and George Latham, plaintiffs, and George Pemberton deforciant of the manor of Burtonhede, with the appurtenances, and of 12 messuages, 12 gardens, 12 orchards, 2 dovecotes, 400 a. of land, 60 a. of meadow, 100 a. of pasture, 20 a. of wood, 20 a. of turbary, 100 a. of moor and moss, and 4s. 1d. of rent in Sutton, Bedford, and Whyston.

George Pemberton acknowledged the said manor and tenements to be the right of Hamon, for which Hamon and George granted them to George Pemberton for his life; after his decease to remain to Isabella, wife of the said George Pemberton, for her life; after her decease to remain to the right heirs of the said George Pemberton for ever.

m. 82. [20 August, 1554].
Between George Pylkyngton and John Crosse, plaintiffs, and Lawrence Asshoo deforciant of 8 messuages, 2 tofts, 350 a. of land, 87 a. of meadow, 70 a. of pasture, 10 a. of wood, 40 a. of moor, and 40 a. of moss in Flyxton, Tyldysley, Worseley, Hylton, Overhilton, and Netherhylton.

Lawrence remitted all right to George and John and to the heirs of George, for which George and John gave him £200.

m. 79. [20 August, 1554].
Between Francis Garthsyde and Edmund Mylne, plaintiffs, and Edmund Entwyssyll deforciant of 16 messuages, 6 cottages, 20 gardens, 10 orchards, 140 a. of land, 100 a. of meadow, 120 a. of pasture, 40 a. of wood, 240 a. of moor and waste, and 40 a. of turbary in Bolton, Worseley, Spotland, and Hornesfeld [Hundersfield].

Francis and Edmund remitted all right to the plaintiffs and to the heirs of Francis, for which the plaintiffs gave them £140.

m. 76. [20 August, 1554].
Between Thomas Hesketh, kt., plaintiff, and Thomas Dycconson, gent., deforciant of a messuage, an orchard, a garden, 8 a. of land, 2 a. of meadow, 2 a. of pasture, and 7 a. of turbary in Tarleton.

Thomas Dycconson remitted all right to Thomas Hesketh and his heirs, for which Thomas gave him £10.

m. 73. [20 August, 1554].
Between William Radclyff, esq., plaintiff, and Thomas Tryse deforciant of 10 messuages, 6 cottages, 20 gardens, 20 orchards, 100 a. of land, 40 a. of meadow, 200 a. of pasture, 10 a. of wood, 80 a. of moss, and 1000 a. of furze and heath in Astley.

Thomas remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave him £140.

m. 70. [20 August, 1554].
Between Richard Grymeshaye, plaintiff, and John More, esq., and Anne his wife deforciants of 14 messuages, 4 cottages, 6 tofts, 16 gardens, 12 orchards, 150 a. of land, 40 a. of meadow, 40 a. of pasture, and 200 a. of moor in Eccleshyll.

John and Anne remitted all right to Richard and his heirs, for which Richard gave them £140.

m. 65. [20 August, 1554].
Between Richard Shereburne, kt., plaintiff, and Robert Shereburne and Margery his wife deforciants of 3 messuages, a cottage, a toft, 3 gardens, 3 orchards, 100 a. of land, 20 a. of meadow, 20 a. of pasture, 10 a. of wood, 100 a. of moor, and 40 a. of turbary in Rybchester.

Robert and Margery acknowledged the said tenements to be the right of Richard, for which Richard granted them to Robert and Margery for their lives and the life of the longest liver of them; after their decease to remain to Richard Sherburne, son of the said Robert and Margery, and to the heirs of the body of the said Richard, the son; in default to remain to Richard Shereburne, son and heir apparent of the said Richard Sherburne, kt., and to his heirs for ever.

m. 62. [20 August, 1554].
Between Thomas Croft, plaintiff, and John Harryngton and Anne his wife deforciants of the fourth part of 3 messuages, 3 gardens, 3 orchards, 100 a. of land, 20 a. of meadow, 40 a. of pasture, and 40 a. of turbary in Over Kellet and Bolton on the Sandes.

John and Anne remitted all right to Thomas and his heirs, for which Thomas gave them £20.

m. 59. [20 August, 1554].
Between John More, esq., plaintiff, and Richard Molyneux, kt., and Eleanor his wife deforciants of 12 messuages, 12 cottages, 4 tofts, 24 gardens, 12 orchards, 110 a. of land, 10 a. of meadow, and 20 a. of pasture in Kyrkdale, Lynacre, Lyverpole, Fazakerley, Walton, Kyrkby, and Lytherland.

Richard and Eleanor remitted all right to John and his heirs, for which John gave them £140.

m. 58. Monday the first day of April, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary. [1555].
Between Thomas Hesketh, kt., plaintiff, and Richard Houghton, kt., Thomas Houghton, esq., son and heir apparent of the said Richard, and Katherine, wife of the said Thomas, deforciants of 3 messuages, 3 gardens, 3 orchards, 30 a. of land, 12 a. of meadow, and 11½ a. of pasture in Wrightyngton.

The deforciants remitted all right to Thomas Hesketh and his heirs, for which Thomas gave them 100 marks.

m. 55. Monday the first day of August, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary. [1554].
Between Edward Parker and Henry Laythwayte, plaintiffs, and William Rygby and Ellen his wife deforciants of a messuage, 3 cottages, 4 gardens, an orchard, 13 a. of land, 1½ a. of meadow, and 2 a. of wood in Lyverpole, Hyton [Huyton], and Whiston.

William and Ellen acknowledged the said tenements to be the right of Edward, for which Edward and Henry granted them to William and Ellen, to have and to hold to them and to the heirs begotten of the body of the said Ellen; in default one messuage, one garden, the said orchard, 12 a. of land, the said 1½ a. of meadow, and 2 a. of wood in Hyton and Whiston, parcel of the said tenements, to remain to a certain Roger Dows and to the heirs begotten of his body, in default to remain to Richard Fazakerley and his heirs for ever. The residue of the said tenements, in Lyverpole, to remain to the said Richard Fazakerley and his heirs for ever.

m. 52. [1 August, 1554].
Between Thomas Lyster and Thomas Ryley, plaintiffs, and William Ratclyffe, esq., deforciant of a messuage, a garden, 50 a. of land, 10 a. of meadow, 10 a. of pasture, 30 a. of moor, and 50s. of rent in Henthorn, Lyttyll Mytton, and Hapton.

William remitted all right to the plaintiffs and to the heirs of Thomas Lyster, for which the plaintiffs gave him 100 marks.

m. 49. Monday the first day of April, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary. [1555].
Between Thomas Croft, plaintiff, and Edward Parker and Thomas Parker, son and heir apparent of the said Edward, deforciants of a messuage, a toft, a garden, 20 a. of land, 4 a. of meadow, 4 a. of pasture, and 14 a. of moss in Clawghton in Lonsdall.

Edward and Thomas remitted all right to Thomas Croft and his heirs, for which Thomas gave them £30.

m. 46. [1 April, 1555].
Between Edward Halsall and Gabriel Hesketh, plaintiffs, and Robert Traves and Matilda his wife, and John Traves, son and heir apparent of the said Robert, deforciants of 2 messuages, 200 a. of land, 40 a. of meadow, 30 a. of pasture, 10 a. of wood, and 60 a. of moor and heath in Wyston.

The deforciants remitted all right to the plaintiffs and to the heirs of Edward, for which the plaintiffs gave them £100.

m. 43. [1 April, 1555].
Between John Parre and Gilbert Bybbye, plaintiffs, and Alexander Barlow, esq., deforciant of the manor of Barlow, with the appurtenances, and of 50 messuages, a water-mill, 300 a. of land, 300 a. of meadow, 400 a. of pasture, 260 a. of wood, 100 a. of furze and heath, and 20 a. of moss and turbary in Wythyngton, Colerton, Hardey [Chorlton cum Hardy], Denton, and Halghton [Haughton].

Alexander remitted all right to Gilbert and John and to the heirs of Gilbert, for which Gilbert and John gave him £400.

m. 40. [1 April, 1555].
Between William Smalshawgh, plaintiff, and Hugh Arrosmith, gent., deforciant of a yearly rent of 20s. issuing from a messuage, a garden, 20 a. of land, 8 a. of meadow, and 12 a. of pasture in Dalton, and of a yearly rent of 10s. issuing from a messuage, 8 a. of land, 4 a. of meadow, and 5 a. of pasture in Byllyng.

Hugh remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave him £30.

m. 37. [1 April, 1555].
Between Matthew Botill and Richard Venables, plaintiffs, and Edward Parr deforciant of 4 messuages, 2 tofts, 4 gardens, 2 orchards, 100 a. of land, 20 a. of meadow, 40 a. of pasture, 5 a. of wood, 60 a. of furze and heath, 40 a. of moor, 100 a. of turbary, and 100 a. of moss in Raynford.

Edward remitted all right to Matthew and Richard and to the heirs of Matthew, for which Matthew and Richard gave him £100.

m. 34. [1 April, 1555].
Between Thomas Kytson, plaintiff, and Richard Curwen and Joan his wife, and Richard Barwycke, and Agnes his wife deforciants of 6 messuages, 6 gardens, 6 orchards, 24 a. of land, 12 a. of meadow, 100 a. of pasture, 6 a. of wood, 10 a. of turbary, and 4 a. of moss in Warton and Lyndeth.

The deforciants remitted all right to Thomas and his heirs, for which Thomas gave them £33. 13s. 4d.

m. 30. [1 April, 1555].
Between William Morecrofte, plaintiff, and Thomas Gardyner, gent., deforciant of a messuage, a barn, a toft, a garden, an orchard, 50 a. of land, 10 a. of meadow, 60 a. of pasture, and 10 a. of moss in Middelton in Lonsedall.

Thomas remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave him 100 marks.

m. 27. [1 April, 1555].
Between Peter Stanley, esq., Edward Tyllesley, esq., Hamon Dychefeld, gent., Thomas Werberton, gent., and Richard Nuttall, gent., plaintiffs, and William Sergyant, gent., deforciant of the manor of Burtonhed, with the appurtenances, and of 21 messuages, 500 a. of land, 100 a. of meadow, 200 a. of pasture, 40 a. of wood, 1000 a. of furze and heath, 400 a. of turbary, and 3s. 8d. of rent in Sutton, Prescote, Bedford, Newton in Makerfeld, Penwortham, and Southeworth.

William remitted all right to the plaintiffs and to the heirs of Edward, for which the plaintiffs gave him £400.

m. 24. [1 April, 1555].
Between Richard Houghton, kt., plaintiff, and Thomas Heskethe, kt., and Alice his wife deforciants of 3 messuages, 3 gardens, 3 orchards, 30 a. of land, 7½ a. of meadow, and 10 a. of pasture in Houghton [Hoghton], and Lee.

Thomas and Alice remitted all right to Richard and his heirs, for which Richard gave them 100 marks.

m. 21. [1 April, 1555].
Between Hugh Anderton, plaintiff, and William Orrell, gent., deforciant of a messuage, a barn, a water-mill, 3 gardens, 2 orchards, 6 a. of land, and 6 a. of pasture in Orrell, Makerfeld, Scooles, and Wygan.

William remitted all right to Hugh and his heirs, for which Hugh gave him £40.

m. 18. [1 April, 1555].
Between Francis Pendulton, plaintiff, and William Radclyff, gent., deforciant of one messuage, one garden, and one rood of land in Manchester.

William acknowledged the said tenements to be the right of Francis, for which Francis granted to William a yearly rent of 16s. issuing from the said tenements; to have, hold and take the said yearly rent to the said William his heirs and assigns.

m. 15. [1 April, 1555].
Between William Cowburne, clerk, plaintiff, and Christopher Cowburne and Joan his wife deforciants of 2 messuages, 2 gardes, 30 a. of land, 10 a. of meadow, 20 a. of pasture, 20 a. of moor, and 20 a. of moss in Frekylton.

Christopher and Joan remitted all right to William and his heirs, for which William gave them 20 marks.

m. 14. [1 April, 1555].
Between Alexander Worsley, plaintiff, and Thomas Sonky, gent., deforciant of the fourth part of 12 messuages, 8 cottages, 6 tofts, 20 gardens, 12 orchards, 200 a. of land, 40 a. of meadow, 100 a. of pasture, 10 a. of wood, 200 a. of moor, and 100 a. of turbary in Hyndley.

Thomas remitted all right to Alexander and his heirs, for which Alexander gave him £30.

m. 11. [1 April, 1555].
Between Robert Bolton, plaintiff, and William Bolton deforciant of 2 messuages, 30 a. of land, 4 a. of meadow, 40 a. of pasture, 20 a. of heath, and 100 a. of moor and moss in Thyngwall.

William remitted all right to Robert and his heirs, for which Robert gave him £26. 13s. 8d.

m. 6. Monday next after the Assumption, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary. [20 August, 1554].
Between John Byrom, kt., plaintiff, and William Stafford, John Stafford, and Lawrence Stafford, son and heir apparent of the said John, deforciants of 12 messuages, 12 gardens, 10 orchards, 100 a. of land, 12 a. of meadow, 80 a. of pasture, and 100 a. of moor in Castelton and Netherburdsell [Buersill].

The deforciants remitted all right to John and his heirs, for which John gave them £66. 6s. 8d.

m. 3. [20 August, 1554].
Between Thomas Hesketh, kt., Francis Holte, Gilbert Gerrard, and George Dombell, plaintiffs, and John Holcroft, kt., deforciant of the manor of Pesfurlong, with the appurtenances, and of 160 messuages, 40 tofts, 2 water-mills, 2 dovecotes, 160 gardens, 100 orchards, 2000 a. of land, 200 a. of meadow, 1000 a. of pasture, 100 a. of wood, 1200 a. of moor and moss, and 20s. of rent in Culcheth, Pesforlong, Penyngton, and Lawton.

John remitted all right to the plaintiffs and to the heirs of Thomas, for which the plaintiffs gave him 400 marks.